Links and Sources
Full citations for all sources used in writing the Endocrine Disruptor articles
Useful Links
Pubmed: Free scientific journal article database
Environmental Health Perspectives - Free, peer-reviewed scientific journal with broad coverage of environmental health issues
The Endocrine Disruptor Exchange - resource for understanding scientific information regarding endocrine disruptors
e.hormone.tulane.edu - excellent online resource for understanding the endocrine system and endocrine disruption
List of EDCs, effects, and scientific study citation - by Ourstolenfuture.org
Phthalates Overview, BPA Overview by Environment California.
USGS National Ambient Water Quality Assessment
Sources for Table: High Production Volume Endocrine Disruptors
Calafat, Antonia M. Triclosan: Urinary Concentrations of Triclosan in the U.S. Population: 2003–2004. Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 116, Number 3, March 2008. http://www.ehponline.org
California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data 2005. California Environmental Protection Agency. Sacremento, CA. 2006. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov
EPA. 2000-2001 Pesticide Market Estimates: Usage. http://www.epa.gov
Hauser, R. et al. “DNA damage in human sperm is related to urinary levels of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites”. Human Reproduction 2007 22(3):688-695. http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org
Kumar, V. et al. "Alteration of testicular steriodogenesis and histopathology of reproductive system in male rats treated with triclosan." Reproductive Toxicology 2009 Apr;27(2):177-85. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
Patterson, DG. et al. National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals: Polychlorinated Dioxins and Furans, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), and Organochlorine Pesticides. CDC 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/
Silva, Manori J. Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the U.S. population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000. Environ Health Perspect. 2004 March; 112(3): 331–338. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
vom Saal, Frederick et al. "Chapel Hill bishpenol A expert panel consensus statement: Integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure". Reproductive Toxicology 24 (2007) 131-138. http://sciencedirect.com
Other Sources:
Note: Links are provided for articles with free full text available online. However, the full text of all articles may not be accessible for those without a subscription to scientific journals or journal databases. Free abstracts for most articles can be found online by searching the article or author at pubmed.
EDCs in Environmental Media
Barnes, Kimberlee et al. “Water-Quality Data for Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000”. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 02-94. Iowa City, Iowa 2002. http://toxics.usgs.gov/
Hinck, JE et al. "Chemical contaminants, health indicators, and reproductive biomarker responses in fish from rivers in the Southeastern United States." Sci Total Environ. 2008 Feb 15;390(2-3):538-57. Epub 2007 Nov 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
Boyd, Glen R. et al., “Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in stormwater canals and Bayou St. John in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA”. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 333, Issues 1-3, 15 October 2004, Pages 137-148.
Duhigg, Charles. "Debating How Much Weed Killer is Safe in Your Water Glass". The New York Times, August 22 2009. http://www.nytimes.com
Liu, Ze-hua et al. “A review of phytoestrogens: Their occurrence and fate in the environment”. Water Research. Article in Press, Corrected Proof. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.025. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Ribeiro, Claudia et al. “Seasonal and spatial distribution of several endocrine-disrupting compounds in the Douro River Estuary, Portugal.” Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009 Jan;56(1):1-11. Epub 2008 Mar 27. http://www.springerlink.com
USGS. The Quality of Our Nation's Waters--Pesticides in the Nation's Streams and Ground Water, 1992-2001 USGS Circular 1291. Released March 2006.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for DDT, DDE, DDD. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 2002.
Alyea, Rebecca A. and Cheryl S. Watson. “Differential Regulation of Dopamine Transporter Function and Location by Low Concentrations of Environmental Estrogens and 17β-Estradiol”. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 May; 117(5): 778–783. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
Gasnier, Celine. “Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines”. Toxicology. Volume 262, Issue 3, 21 August 2009, Pages 184-191. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Hammes, Stephen R. “The further redefining of steroid-mediated signaling”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 March 4; 100(5): 2168–2170. Published online 2003 February 26. www.pubmed.com
Jobling S, Sumpter JP. Detergent components in sewage effluent are weakly oestrogenic to fish: an in vitro study using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Aquatic Toxicol 27:361-372, 1993. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Levinston, Paul D. “Eighty years of insulin therapy: 1922-2002“. Med Health R I. 2003 Apr;86(4):101-6. http://www.sciencedirect.com
National Cancer Institute. “DES: Questions and Answers”. Reviewed 11/29/1996. http://www.cancernet.gov/
Our Stolen Future. "Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects". http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm
Purdom CE, Hardiman PA, Bye VJ, Eno NC, Tyler CR, Sumpter JP. "Estrogenic effects of effluents from sewage treatments works." Chem Ecol 8:275-285, 1994. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Sheehan, Daniel. “Activity of environmentally relevant low doses of endocrine disruptors and the bisphenol A controversy: initial results confirmed.” Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000 Jun;224(2):57-60. http://www.ebmonline.org/
U.S Food and Drug Administration. “Nomination Profile: Triclosan [CAS 3380-34-5] Supporting Information for Toxicological Evaluation by the National Toxicology Program.” July 2008. http://www.niehs.nih.gov
Vom Saal, Frederick and Claude Hughes. "An Extensive New Literature Concerning Low-Dose Effects of Bishpenol-A Show the Need for a New Risk Assessment". Environmental Health Perspectives, Volime 113, Number 8. August 5 2005.
Ward, C.R. et al. “The Insulin Family of Growth Factors and Signal Transduction During Development,” in Growth Factors and Signal Transduction in Development, Nilsen-Hamilton, Marit, ed. Wiley-Liss: New York, 1994. Pgs 1-18.
Reviews of EDC Science and Risk Assessment
Crisp, Thomas M. et al. “Environmental Endocrine Disruption: An Effects Assessment and Analysis”. February 1997. Prepared for the Risk Assessment Forum U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460. EPA/630/R-96/012
Diamanti-Kandarakis E et al. 2009 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocrine Reviews 30(4):293-342
Kavlock, Robert J. et al. “Research Needs for the Risk Assessment of Health and Environmental Effects of Endocrine Disruptors: A Report of the U.S. EPA-sponsored Workshop”. Environ Health Perspect 104(Suppl 4):715–740 (1996).
vom Saal, Frederick et al. "Chapel Hill bishpenol A expert panel consensus statement: Integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure". Reproductive Toxicology 24 (2007) 131-138. http://sciencedirect.com
World Health Organization; Damstra, Terri et al., eds. “Global Assessment of the State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disruptors”. International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 2002.
Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
Blount, BC, et al. Levels of Seven Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in a Human Reference Population. Environmental Health Perspectives 108:979-982. 2000
Calafat, Antonia M. Triclosan: Urinary Concentrations of Triclosan in the U.S. Population: 2003–2004. Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 116, Number 3, March 2008. http://www.ehponline.org
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2005. Third National Exposure Report. http://www.cdc.gov/
Patterson, DG. et al. National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals: Polychlorinated Dioxins and Furans, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), and Organochlorine Pesticides. CDC 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/
Weuve, Jennifer et al. "Exposure to Phthalates in Neonatal Intensive Care Unity Infants: Urinary Concentrations of Monoesters and Oxidative Metabolites". Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006 September; 114(9): 1424-1431.
Ochoa-Acuña, Hugo et al. Drinking-Water Herbicide Exposure in Indiana and Prevalence of Small-For-Gestational-Age and Preterm Delivery. Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 117, Number 10, October 2009.
Colón, I, D, et al. Identification of Phthalate Esters in the Serum of Young Puerto Rican Girls with Premature Breast Development. Environmental Health Perspectives 108:895-900. 2000
Crain, Andrew D. et al. “Female reproductive disorders: the roles of endocrine disrupting compounds and developmental timing”. Fertility and Sterility, Volume 90, Issue 4, October 2008, Pages 911-940.
Flake, GP, J Andersen and D Dixon. 2003. Etiology and pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas: A review. Environmental Health Perspectives 111: 1037-1054. See discussion at http://ourstolenfuture.org
Gutpa, C. “Reproductive malformation of the male offspring following maternal exposure to estrogenic chemicals.” Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000 Jun;224(2):61-8. http://www.ebmonline.org/
Hauser, R. et al. “DNA damage in human sperm is related to urinary levels of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites”. Human Reproduction 2007 22(3):688-695. http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org
Herman-Giddens, et al. 1997. "Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the pediatric research in office settings network." Pediatrics 99(4):505-512. See discussion at http://ourstolenfuture.org
Munger, R. et al. "Intrauterine growth retardation in Iowa communities with herbicide-contaminated drinking water supplies." Environmental Health Perspectives. 1997 Mar;105(3): 308-14.
Schell, Lawrence M. et al. “Relationship of Thyroid Hormone Levels to Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Lead, p,p´-DDE, and Other Toxicants in Akwesasne Mohawk Youth”. Environ Health Perspect 116:806–813 (2008) . doi:10.1289/ehp.10490
Soldin, OP, et al. “Thyroid hormones and methylmercury toxicity.” Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008; 126(1-3):1-12. Epub 2008 Aug 22.
Stahlhut, Richard W. et al. “Concentrations of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites Are Associated with Increased Waist Circumference and Insulin Resistance in Adult U.S. Males”. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 June; 115(6): 876–882. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
Tan, SW. et al. "The endocrine effects of mercury in humans and wildlife." Crit Rev Toxicol. 2009;39(3):228-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Weisglas-Kuperus, et al. “Immunologic Effects of Background Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins in Dutch Preschool Children”. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2000, 108:1203-1207.
Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife
Bryan GW, Gibbs PE, Hummerstone LG & Burt GR (1986) The decline of the gastropod Nucella lapillus around south-west England: Evidence for the effect of tributyltin from anti-fouling paints. J Marine Biol Assoc UK, 66:611-640. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Crain, Andrew D. and L. J. Guillette. “Reptiles as models of contaminant-induced endocrinenext term disruption”. Animal Reproduction Science Volume 53, Issues 1-4, 30 October 1998, Pages 77-86. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Diniz, M.S. et al. “Estrogenic effects in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) exposed to treated sewage effluent” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Volume 62, Issue 3, November 2005, Pages 427-435. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Frontline, “Poisoned Waters”. PBS, http://www.pbs.org/
Fry M. Reproductive effects in birds exposed to pesticides and industrial chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 103(Suppl 7):165-171, 1995.
Fry DM, Toone CK. DDT-induced feminization of gull embryos. Science 231:919-924, 1981. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Guillette LJ Jr, et al. Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida. Environ Health Perspect 102:680-688, 1994. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
Guillete, Louis J. et al. “DDT and Its Analogues: New Insights into Their Endocrine-Disrupting Effects on Wildlife”. Endocrine Disruption: Biological Bases for Health Effects in Wildlife and Humans. ed. David O. Norris and James A. Carr. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. 332-355.
Guruge K.S., et al.. “Accumulation status of persistent organochlorines in albatrosses from the North Pacific and the Southern Ocean”. Environmental Pollution. Volume 114, Issue 3, October 2001, Pages 389-398 http://www.sciencedirect.com
Jobling, Susan et al. “Statistical Modeling Suggests that Antiandrogens in Effluents from Wastewater Treatment Works Contribute to Widespread Sexual Disruption in Fish Living in English Rivers”. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 May; 117(5): 797–802. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
Jobling S, et al. "Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish". Environ Sci Technol. 1998;32:2498–2506. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Mattson M & Helle E (1995) Reproductive recovery and PCBs in Baltic seal populations. Int J Dev Biol, 39: 703-704. Biochem Physiol, 112C:169-178. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Pait and Nelson, 2002 A.S. Pait and J.O. Nelson, Endocrine disruption in fish: an assessment of recent research and results, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2002), p. 55.
Peakall, David B, et al. “DDE-Induced egg-shell thinning: Structural and physiological effects”. Comparative and General Pharmacology Volume 4, Issue 15, September 1973, Pages 305-313. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Rosen, Michael R. et al. “Investigations of the Effects of Synthetic Chemicals on the Endocrine System of Common Carp in Lake Mead, Nevada and Arizona”. U.S.G.S. Fact Sheet 2006-3131, Version 1.1, October 2007.
Tanabe, Shinsuke. “Contamination and toxic effects of persistent endocrine disrupters in marine mammals and birds”. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 45, Issues 1-12, September 2002, Pages 69-77. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Toft, Gunnar and Louis J. Guillette, Jr. “Decreased sperm count and sexual behavior in mosquitofish exposed to water from a pesticide-contaminated lake”/. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Volume 60, Issue 1, January 2005, Pages 15-20. http://www.sciencedirect.com
USGS. One Step Closer to Understanding Fish Health in Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers. 6/3/2009. http://www.usgs.gov/
USGS. Endocrine Disrupters Found in Fish and Water in Potomac River Tributaries. 1/17/2007. http://www.usgs.gov/
Veldhoen, Nik et al. “The bactericidal agent triclosan modulates thyroid hormone-associated gene expression and disrupts postembryonic anuran development”. Aquatic Toxicology, Volume 80, Issue 3, 1 December 2006, Pages 217-227. http://www.sciencedirect.com
Woodling, John D. et al. “Intersex and other reproductive disruption of fish in wastewater effluent dominated Colorado streams. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, Volume 144, Issue 1, September 2006, Pages 10-15.http://www.sciencedirect.com
Treatment and Environmental Fate of EDCs
Bolles, Debbie. “EDC Treatments Put to the Test". Water & Wastewater News. http://wwn-online.com.
Charlotte-Mecklenberg Utilities. "Water Supply and Treatment." City of Charlotte and Mecklenberg County Government. http://www.charmeck.org
USEPA. “Fate of EDCs in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants”. Last updated on Friday, May 15th, 2009. http://www.epa.gov/.
Westerhoff et al. Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharmaceutical, and personal care product chemicals during simulated drinking water treatment processes. Environ Sci Technol. 2005 Sep 1;39(17):6649-63. Pubmed
