Catawba Riverkeeper and CAFOs

Hank Talmadge • December 12, 2022

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Catawba Riverkeeper over the Years

Background 


Chicken and turkey production has increased by 33% over the past 20 years, with more than half of that growth occurring in the past 5 years. By some measures, North Carolina is the number one chicken producing state in the entire country.


While poultry production in the United States has increased, the total number of farms has decreased. Now, 97% of the 9 billion chickens produced for consumption each year are raised in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations or CAFOs.


Why is this a problem? It comes down to the waste products of these CAFOs. The farms are not required to have permits or inspections for the waste, because the waste is not directly discharged into surface waters. However, the waste can be mobilized in runoff or subsurface flow and become a direct threat to water quality​. The waste, known as dry litter, is a mixture of manure, bedding, and feathers that contains nutrients, heavy metals, and pathogens.


Big Poultry in North Carolina Observer Series


The Impacts of Dry Litter Poultry Operations on NC Water Quality 



Locations


Catawba Riverkeeper has been engaged with this issue over the last 10 years. Our current Riverkeeper and his predecessor were aware that CAFOs are a major threat to water quality throughout the whole basin, but particularly in the Northern Basin where the majority of farms are located. Learn about CAFOs in the Catawba River Basin here.


Locating these facilities is another issue. Officials in the NC Department of Agriculture keep the locations of poultry operations confidential. They do not share the locations with the Department of Environmental Quality, who is supposed to confirm the facilities are not impacting our states waters. This lack of transparency causes many issues, namely uncertainty about the location and scope of pollution. The only way to find the facilities is through satellite imagery or observation from a private aircraft. 


Our partners at the Environmental Working group have been using satellite imagery over recent years to find the houses and volunteer pilots from Southwings have been assisting with dozens of flights over the last decade.


Interactive Map by the Environmental Working Group



 


What can you do?


Given these concerns and the rapid rate of poultry expansion in North Carolina, there is an urgent need for stronger poultry industry regulation. 


Pollution from CAFOs is a complicated issue. The drinking water, employment, and quality of life for communities across our basin is at stake. There is no single action that will remedy the associated issues. These issue didn't start overnight and the solutions will not happen immediately either. 

Our elected officials are in the unique position to question government agencies and hold public conversations about the issues. The North Carolina General Assembly is particularly well positioned to hold these conversations. 

Your legislators need to hear from you. We encourage you to contact your state legislators and let them know that pollution from CAFOs is important to you and that you’d like for them to hold hearings to find out what is really going on with this industry. 


Not sure who your legislators are? Check the links below... 


For North Carolina residents... CLICK HERE.

For South Carolina residents... CLICK HERE.



Until the start of the 2023 legislative session, individuals can best help by eating less factory-farmed meat and supporting environmental nonprofits such as the Catawba Riverkeeper Foundation. We need citizens to ask candidates about water quality and support those who will help protect one of our most precious resources. 


Waterkeepers Carolina is hoping for regulatory action to prevent new operations from being constructed within the 500-year flood plain, increased records transparency, and establish a permitting process. 


Additional Information


Farms in the Floodplain

A Farmer's Story about CAFOs

More Farms at risk in the floodplain

CAFOs in the Catawba River Basin

CAFOs in Eastern North Carolina

Dry Litter Literature Review




December 17, 2025
Catawba Riverkeeper is pleased to announce that Dr. Mo Drinkard has been hired as their new Executive Director. A standout among over 100 applicants, Mo was offered the position by the Catawba Riverkeeper Board of Directors search committee on Thursday, November 20th, and she assumed her role as leader of the organization on Monday, December 1st, 2025. Catawba Riverkeeper Brandon Jones, who participated on the search committee, shared that “Mo’s education, experience, and passion are directly aligned with the organization’s mission and needs. We are excited for her perspective and leadership in continuing the critical work of protecting our waters.” Mo is a mission-driven non-profit leader, professor, and scholar with a passion for building strong organizations, nurturing future leaders, and tackling big challenges in conservation, equity, and education. With over 20 years of experience spanning academia (Kent State University, Brevard College, Miami University), community partnerships, and environmental science, she's worn many hats: executive director, grant writer, program architect, DEIB strategist, faculty and student mentor, and not often enough, field biologist in muddy boots. Mo's work lives at the intersection of applied research and social change. She specializes in transforming great ideas into funded, functional, and impactful programs, whether that’s designing experiential learning curricula, guiding strategic organizational turnarounds, or helping community-based groups access the resources they need to thrive. From leading national workforce development initiatives to restoring urban watersheds (Doan Brook Watershed Partnership) and mentoring the next generation of environmental scientists, Mo brings an entrepreneurial spirit and deep subject matter expertise in biology, ecology, sustainability, and inclusion. Mo believes that science is for everyone, and that real change happens when we build spaces where all voices can lead. “I am honored and excited to offer leadership for the next chapter of Catawba Riverkeeper’s work. I believe deeply in the mission and am fully invested in the health and future of this watershed. I look forward to getting to work supporting the waterways, communities, and people that make up this expansive and impactful basin,” Dr. Drinkard said. Catawba Riverkeeper, currently one of the ten largest riverkeeper organizations in the United States, boasts over 8,000 members across the 26 counties of North and South Carolina where the waters of the Catawba flow. As the fifth Executive Director of the organization, Mo will bring new and innovative ways to advance the work of her predecessors and the mission of the organization in this new chapter of Catawba Riverkeeper’s leadership. Mo will be supported by 11 full-time staff and 22 volunteer board members to preserve, protect, and restore the Catawba River so that it sustains plentiful, clean water for generations to come.
October 13, 2025
Thank you to our 2025 Catawba Riversweep volunteers!
October 13, 2025
John Searby Steps Down as Executive Director After 6 Years of Leadership